Table 1 Pre-hospital treatment protocol

Head tilt - chin lift.

Oro-pharyngeal airway.

Suction.

Recovery position.

Endotracheal intubation/crico-thyrotomy.

Cricoid pressure.

Heimlich maneuver for choking.

Stabilization of neck & spinal cord injuries.

Rescue breathing/CPR.

Half-sitting position.

Gastric tube decompression.

Needle decompression of tension pneumothorax.

IV analgesia.

External bleeds: proximal artery compression + sub-fascial packing + compressive dressing + splinting of fractures.

Pelvic bleeds: external compression of abdominal aorta.

Hypothermia prevention, warming.

External jugular cannulation.

Venous cut-down.

Hypotensive IV fluid resuscitation.

Ketamine.

Pentazocine.

Atropine.

Diazepam.

Penicillin.

Ampicillin. Metronidazole.